20 Essay Topics on Affluenza The Best Social Psychology Topic

20 Essay Topics on Affluenza The Best Social Psychology Topic The task of writing successfully on any subject matter, regardless of how difficult or technical it might be, depends on your understanding of the subject matter in question as well as your choice of a topic to work on. This happens to be the case for writing essays on social psychology and influenza. Therefore, before providing some of much needed help in choosing a social psychology essay topic on affluenza, here is a brief description of affluenza and the psychology behind it. The word affluenza has derived from the words influenza and affluence. Psychologists describe affluenza as psychological conditions were an unhealthy attachment to wealth affecting an individual’s decision making abilities and his or her emotional intelligence. There are currently multiple studies conducted on the subject of affluenza and these researches have brought out facts that must be included in your essay. Understanding the importance of facts in buttressing your points, we have provided you with 10 facts for a compare and contrast essay on social psychology and affluenza that can be used in developing social psychology essay topics on affluenza in a previous article you must consider reading. 20 essay topics on the social psychology of affluenza: Understanding Affluenza and Its Psychological Effects on Society Affluenza and its Harmful Effects on the Human Psyche Affluenza in the Developed World: An Unhealthy Fascination with Wealth Are Wealthier Regions More Susceptible to Affluenza? Scrutinizing Affluenza and Its Effects on Humans Affluenza: A Real Psychological Problem or a Farce The Consumerism Theory and Affluenza Diagnosis The Role of the Media in Perpetuating an Unhealthy Consumer Culture Pursuing the American Dream in Relation to Affluenza Is Affluenza a Contagious Psychological Condition? Societies Pressures Contributing to Affluenza Rehabilitation and Affluenza: A Working Theory Social Psychology Challenges: Diagnosing and Curing Affluenza Human Errors and the Role Affluenza Plays The Illusion of Success and Reduced Empathy in Wealthy Citizens Fighting Depression through an Understanding of Affluenza Studying the Correlation between Affluenza, Substance Abuse and Addiction Does Affluenza Truly Reduce the Ability to Empathize Discussing Affluenza’s Ability to Cloud Moral Judgment and Decision Making Scrutinizing the Difficulties Associated with Diagnosing Affluenza These are some of the topics you can consider choosing from when tasked with drafting a social psychology essay topic on affluenza. All of these topics focus on the social effects of affluenza, its diagnosis and treatment and how it is perceived by members of the public. As stated earlier, all of these topics will rely heavily on the use of facts to send you message across and you should consider reading up the ‘facts guides’ provided for this essay. Lastly, we intend to lead by example and this will be done using a sample essay with its topic chosen from one of the 20 listed above. This written essay should serve as a guide on how to introduce your topic, develop its body and write a good conclusion covering social psychology on affluenza. Sample Compare and Contrast Essay Affluenza in the Developed World: An Unhealthy Fascination with Wealth The western world has always been fascinated with the lifestyle of the wealthy and this is why programs and movies about wealth tend to attract more viewership than any others. Sadly, social psychology studies have begun to show that this fascination is unhealthy and may have far reaching effects on society as well as the mental health status of affluent individuals. These studies led to the coining of the phrase ‘affluenza’ which is a psychological issue that affect the empathy levels, mental health and emotional balance of its sufferers. Affluenza was coined from the words influenza and affluence and it affects both the young and adult mind in equal measures. There has been a lot of research done to diagnose affluenza and understand its effects on society and one of the results found was that this condition was prevalent in the developed world. Certain triggers have been identified as the reason for affluenza’s polarity in the developed world and some of these include the belief in the ‘American Dream’ concept, as well as the media’s constant glorification of the lifestyle of the rich and famous. These triggers make people constantly work to achieve more wealth while putting everything else on hold, only to discover that acquired wealth did not provide the feelings they have dreamt off.   This then leads to disenchantment and the feeling of unworthiness which are tell-tale signs of affluenza. In more advanced cases, affluenza then leads to depression and a lack of empathy for the average man thereby destroying the fabrics of peaceful co-existence. The pursuit of happiness has also led to other harmful behavioral patterns such as addiction or substance abuse among wealthy individuals. A study focused on high school students’ buttresses this fact for it found out that high school students with wealthy backgrounds tended to keep to themselves and were out of touch with reality. This social disconnect makes the children either act out or turn to substance abuse for companionship. The study also covered affluenza in adults, and it showed that wealthy individuals consumed 27% more alcohol than the less affluent and according to the study, this percentage had nothing to do with the ability of both parties to purchase alcohol. Therefore, affluenza is a psychological situation that affects both the young and old in exactly the same way. The social disconnect and lack of empathy exhibited by people suffering from affluenza can harm our community in diverse ways as the wealthy become more isolated from reality and the general state of life. The lack of emotion shown on the plight of the poor or pushing their needs under the rug can lead to the poor lashing out as seen from the movement to occupy Wall Street. In conclusion, it is important to note that there are several ways to contain affluenza such as the use of rehabilitative techniques but first, society must recognise these issues before it can successfully be dealt with. Here, we come to the end of the essay on social psychology and affluenza. We hope this provides you with a template on how to draft yours using one of the topics above to provide a direction. You can also learn more on how to strike a good compare and contrast essay on social psychology and affluenza by reading the last article in this series. References: Mark, H. (2010). Religious Groups and Affluenza: Further Exploration of the TV-Materialism Link. http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001context=utk_jourpubs Manchiraju, S. (2013). Materialism in Consumer Behaviour and Marketing managementmarketing.ro/pdf/articole/315.pdf Ahuvia, A. (2008). If Money doesn’t Make Us Happy, Why Do We Act as if it Does?†, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 491-507. Chang, L. Arkin, M. (2002). Materialism as an Attempt to Cope with Uncertainty, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 389-406. Kasser, T. (2002). The High Price of Materialism, MIT Press, Cambridge. Martin, W. (2008). Paradoxes of Happiness, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 171-184. O’Neill, J. (1997). The Gilded Ghetto: The Psychology of Affluence, The Affluenza Project, Milwaukee.

An Introduction to Psychological Warfare

An Introduction to Psychological Warfare Psychological warfare is the planned tactical use of propaganda, threats, and other non-combat techniques during wars, threats of war, or periods of geopolitical unrest to mislead, intimidate, demoralize, or otherwise influence the thinking or behavior of an enemy. While all nations employ it, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) lists the tactical goals of psychological warfare (PSYWAR) or psychological operations (PSYOP) as: Assisting in overcoming an enemy’s will to fightSustaining the morale and winning the alliance of friendly groups in countries occupied by the enemyInfluencing the morale and attitudes of people in friendly and neutral countries toward the United States To achieve their objectives, the planners of psychological warfare campaigns first attempt to gain total knowledge of the beliefs, likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities of the target population. According to the CIA, knowing what motivates the target is the key to a successful PSYOP.   A War of the Mind As a non-lethal effort to capture hearts and minds, psychological warfare typically employs  propaganda to influence the values, beliefs, emotions, reasoning, motives, or behavior of its targets. The targets of such propaganda campaigns can include governments, political organizations, advocacy groups, military personnel, and civilian individuals. Simply a form of  cleverly â€Å"weaponized† information, PSYOP propaganda may be disseminated in any or all of several ways: Face-to-face verbal communicationAudiovisual media, like television and moviesAudio-only media including shortwave radio broadcasts like those of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty or Radio HavanaPurely visual media, like leaflets, newspapers, books, magazines, or posters More important than how these weapons of propaganda are delivered is the message they carry and how well they influence or persuade the target audience.   Three Shades of Propaganda In his 1949 book, Psychological Warfare Against Nazi Germany, former OSS (now the CIA) operative Daniel Lerner details the U.S. militarys WWII Skyewar campaign. Lerner separates psychological warfare propaganda into three categories:   White propaganda: The information is truthful and only moderately biased. The source of the information is cited.Grey propaganda: The information is mostly truthful and contains no information that can be disproven. However, no sources are cited.Black propaganda: Literally â€Å"fake news,† the information is false or deceitful and is attributed to sources not responsible for its creation. While grey and black propaganda campaigns often have the most immediate impact, they also carry the greatest risk. Sooner or later, the target population identifies the information as being false, thus discrediting the source. As Lerner wrote, Credibility is a condition of persuasion. Before you can make a man do as you say, you must make him believe what you say.† PSYOP in Battle   On the actual battlefield, psychological warfare is used to obtain confessions, information, surrender, or defection by breaking the morale of enemy fighters.   Some typical tactics of battlefield PSYOP include:   Distribution of pamphlets or flyers encouraging the enemy to surrender and giving instructions on how to surrender safelyThe visual â€Å"shock and awe† of a massive attack employing vast numbers of troops or technologically advanced weaponsSleep deprivation through the continual projection of loud, annoying music or sounds toward enemy troopsThe threat – whether real or imaginary – of the use of chemical or biological weaponsRadio stations created to broadcast propagandaRandom use of snipers, booby traps, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs)â€Å"False flag† events – attacks or operations designed to convince the enemy that they were carried out by other nations or groups In all cases, the objective of battlefield psychological warfare is to destroy the morale of the enemy leading them to surrender or defect.   Early Psychological Warfare While it might sound like a modern invention, psychological warfare is as old as war itself. When soldiers the mighty Roman Legions rhythmically beat their swords against their shields they were employing a tactic of shock and awe designed to induce terror in their opponents.   In the 525 B.C. Battle of Peluseium, Persian forces held cats as hostages  in order to gain a psychological advantage over the Egyptians, who due to their religious beliefs, refused to harm cats.   To make the number of his troops seem larger than they actually were, 13th century A.D. leader of the Mongolian Empire Genghis Khan ordered each soldier to carry three lit torches at night. The Mighty Khan also designed arrows notched to whistle as they flew through the air, terrifying his enemies. And in perhaps the most extreme shock and awe tactic, Mongol armies would catapult severed human heads over the walls of enemy villages to frighten the residents. During the  American Revolution, British troops wore brightly colored uniforms in an attempt to intimidate the more plainly dressed troops of George Washington’s Continental Army. This, however, proved to be a fatal mistake as the bright red uniforms made easy targets for Washington’s even more demoralizing American snipers. Modern Psychological Warfare Modern psychological warfare tactics were first used  during World War I. Technological advances in electronic and print media made it easier for governments to distribute propaganda through mass-circulation newspapers. On the battlefield, advances in aviation made it possible to drop leaflets behind enemy lines and special non-lethal artillery rounds were designed to deliver propaganda. Postcards dropped over German trenches by British pilots bore notes supposedly handwritten by German prisoners extolling their humane treatment by their British captors. During  World War II, both Axis and Allied powers regularly used PSYOPS. Adolf Hitlers rise to power in Germany was driven largely by propaganda designed to discredit his political opponents. His furious speeches mustered national pride while convincing the people to blame others for Germany’s self-inflicted economic problems. Use of radio broadcast PSYOP reached a peak in World War II. Japans famous Tokyo Rose broadcast music with false information of Japanese military victories to discourage allied forces. Germany employed similar tactics through the radio broadcasts of Axis Sally.   However, in perhaps the most impactful PSYOP in WWII, American commanders orchestrating the leaking of false orders leading the German high command to believe the allied D-Day invasion would be launched on the beaches of Calais, rather than Normandy, France. The Cold War was all but ended when U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly released detailed plans for a highly sophisticated â€Å"Star Wars† Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)anti-ballistic missile system capable of destroying Soviet nuclear missiles before they re-entered the atmosphere. Whether any of Reagan’s â€Å"Star Wars† systems could have really been built or not, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev believed they could. Faced with the realization that the costs of countering U.S. advances in nuclear weapons systems could bankrupt his government, Gorbachev agreed to reopen dà ©tente-era negotiations resulting in lasting nuclear arms control treaties.   More recently, the United States responded to the September 11, 2001 terror attacks by launching the Iraq War with a massive â€Å"shock and awe† campaign intended to break the Iraqi army’s will to fight and to protect the country’s dictatorial leader Saddam Hussein. The U.S. invasion began on March 19, 2003, with two days of non-stop bombing of Iraq’s capital city of Baghdad. On April 5, U.S. and allied Coalition forces, facing only token opposition from Iraqi troops, took control of Baghdad. On April 14, less than a month after the shock and awe invasion began, the U.S. declared victory in the Iraq War.   In todays ongoing  War on Terror, the Jihadist terrorist organization ISIS – the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria- uses social media websites and other online sources to conduct psychological campaigns designed to recruit followers and fighters from around the world.

Exchange Rate Regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Exchange Rate Regimes - Essay Example The impact of the inherent volatility and unpredictability of exchange rates on macroeconomic conditions is central to the debate about fixed and flexible exchange rates. Real exchange rates are defined as nominal rates adjusted for price levels. Since prices for individual countries, when expressed in a common currency, are subject to the variability of exchange rates, bilateral real exchange rates based on individual-country price levels may be infected with measurement errors. The use of one reference country, such as the USA, gives rise to asymmetries. By definition, the exchange rate is a relative price of two assets and, like other asset prices, is determined in a forward-looking manner in which expectations concerning the future course of events play a key role. Consequently, exchange rates are very sensitive to the receipt of new information. The large and sustained changes in nominal and real exchange rates were among the most significant developments in the world economy in the 1980s. For example, in the first half of the decade, the US dollar appreciated by about 40 per cent against most other major currencies and then, in the second half of the decade, declined, reversing all the previous appreciation. These changes gave rise to international pressures associated with rapidly changing competitiveness of exports; intervention by central banks in foreign exchange markets; and intense debate regarding the extent to which these exchange rate changes interact with current account imbalances. Some economists feel that conventional measures of economic growth based on the output of goods and services (gross national product) do not satisfactorily reflect economic welfare, arguing that they ignore factors such as pollution and the negative externalities from congestion.

French Wedding Traditions and Customs Speech or Presentation

French Wedding Traditions and Customs - Speech or Presentation Example As culture and identity are closely associated with each other, it is our responsibility to maintain and preserve our cultural identity for the new generation as well as for people outside our culture. Because, cultural heritage offers people a genuine window to look closely at the richness and grandeur of the past and present of a society or a community. This paper briefly addresses the cultural heritage of the French society and introduces particularly the French traditions and customs related to the wedding ceremonies of French people. When it comes to describing traditions and customs, a lot of speculation is based on the current trend of avoiding or neglecting these traditional views by today’s younger generation. However, that does not paint a sad picture. Some traditions and customs are still followed by the French people in their wedding styles. The paper also discusses briefly the different wedding ceremonies followed by the French communities, along with all the sign ificant aspects relating to the traditional French wedding. French wedding ceremonies: Wedding ceremonies have always been a fascination with the bride and groom taking vows of being faithful and loyal to each other for the rest of their lives. It has always been like a fairytale with the spouses being given special treatment like prince and his princess. French wedding ceremonies also speak of the same charisma that is as fascinating as any other wedding tradition. This further requires a deeper glance into the history of French weddings. When it comes to describing a traditional French wedding, its varied customs and traditions spell of myriad hues of love and romance. As the customs and traditions indicate the important aspects of marriage, the traditional aspects involve a number of things to be discussed briefly in the following sections. Wedding costume: A traditional French wedding is usually synonymous with love and romance as repeated above. Therefore, the wedding costume gets a lot of special attention. Moreover, the design of the wedding costume involves serious consideration of the traditional values. Starting with the Medieval and Renaissance periods, French wedding costumes were just the elaborate versions of contemporary dresses in the sense that they did not require any distinctive coloring. Usually, the bride’s best dress was transformed into her wedding dress adorned by jewelry, laces, ribbons, embroidery, beads, etc. The concept of the all-white wedding gown is relatively new in French tradition. Introduced by Ann of Brittany, daughter of Francis II in 1499, the all-white wedding gown started receiving popularity and acceptance only in 19th century. The elaborate styling of modern white wedding gown is attributed to Empress Eugenie, who wore it in her wedding to Napoleon III in 1853. The idea behind an all-white wedding gown is to symbolize the matrimonial alliance as a token of the bride’s purity and innocence. Now coming to the traditional customs related to the wedding attire, two mo st important concepts are – a) the bridal trousseau and b) the wedding armoire. The bridal trousseau is a bundle of linen cloth given to the baby girl by her parents. The trousseau is also known as the ‘hope chest’ that is given to the girl for her future wedding ceremony. Besides, the girl is gifted with clothes, jewelry or any other items that she would need after her wedding, by her family members and friends. Contemporary customs also include this but in a modified manner of the old custom. Today, the bride is presented with all the household necessities in a stone-carved box by her family just before the wedding. According to the French tradition, the wedding armoir

Individual Study Guide Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Essay Example for Free

Individual Study Guide Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Essay Complete the simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, located on the student website. Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word summary in which you address the following for each of the three major phases in the simulation: The situation Your recommended solutions, including why Your results Summarize the different marketing components addressed in this simulation by answering the following questions: What is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products or services? Is the repositioning of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? Explain why or why not. What is the effect of the product life cycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Complete the simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, located on the student website. Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word summary in which you address the following for each of the three major phases in the simulation: The situation Your recommended solutions, including why Your results Summarize the different marketing components addressed in this simulation by  answering the following questions: What is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products or services? Is the repositioning of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? Explain why or why not. What is the effect of the product life cycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Shakespeares Language in his Works Essay -- essays research papers

Shakespeare's plays are full of references to what is now obscure- classical myth, falconry, astrology, or the theory of 'humors' that were thought to determine personality within so many of his characters (?S??Far?). Shakespeare wrote about themes and events we can relate to even now nearly 500 years later. 'He wrote about us-you and me, our friends, our families, the people we work with and play with and argue with and go to bed with, the characters we see on the evening news and elect to public office' often times comparisons are often scary (Seder iii). Shakespeare also liked to make fun of many of his characters. His plays show that he can be funny and has a humorous personality, often times even in his tragedies in which tears would flow from not only depression but from laughter. 'Shakespeare is full of humor, not only the broad clowning of the likes of Falstaff, but the deft little jabs and needles, sly and subtle jests' found in his vocabulary (Seder iv). The meanings of words Shakespeare used have changed and some have totally disappeared. The word ?bootless to Shakespeare did not mean lacking footwear, but useless or meaningless? (?So?..Far?). In our time we use expressions like LOL and IDK that stand for ?laugh out loud? and ?I don?t know or understand? when writing text messages or instant messages. If these expressions were during Shakespeare?s time the people would not have understood their meaning. Another such expressions could be ?Cool beans!? that basically means ?this is neat.? Terms that Shakespeare used have either fallen out of use or have different meanings, thus confusing the reader if he or she is not familiar with the Shakespearean style of writing. A great example of a word meaning chan... ...iting letters or messages and sometimes you will hear a person say ?tis?. It is amazing to look at the influence that he has contributed to our world and language today. He even has influence on current plays and movies and even poems. Shakespeare also uses themes in his plays. For example the main themes in Romeo and Juliet would be love and fate. Most people have at least heard of Romeo and Juliet and know it is a love story. Women and girls think Romeo is the perfect man or husband, so today girls are looking for their Romeo. In Romeo and Juliet fate just would not let them be together. There were problems arising all through the play with the fighting families and the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. We knew there were going to be problems or death in the beginning when they say "A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life" (Glencoe McGraw-Hill).

Sunbeam Case

The Chicago Flexible Shaft Company In 191 0, diversified into small electrical appliances and, with the launch of the Princess case 19 Case 20 case 21 Case 22 Case 23 case 24 Think design and performance-?think Sunbeam Cafe Series Banger Dance Theatre-?The Sydney Swans: a ‘Cousins' relationship What happened to Pokemoon? The evolution of cafe groupies Dick Smith-?the great adventurer Apple's renaissance-? the agreement that works electric iron, it laid the foundation for the small electrical appliance industry. The diversification strategy was aimed at offsetting the seasonal nature of the sheep-shearing industry.In 1 914, the company purchased the Australian operation, and the company Cooper Engineering Co. (CE) was born. Seven years later, in 1921, the introduction of the Sunbeam brand reflected SEC's core business shift to electrical appliances. After World War II, CE changed its company name to Sunbeam Corporation and it introduced the slogan ‘Best Electric Appliance Made'. The first Australian appliance, the Sunbeam misstates, was launched. Despite the fact that it cost more than an average Australians monthly wage, it was an immediate success.Within its first 10 years on the market, the Sunbeam misstates generated sales in excess of 725 000 units. In 1 950, Sunbeam exported its appliances to New Zealand. With international exposure, the growing company needed further manufacturing capacity and it acquired a second manufacturing site in the Sydney suburb of Campsite- In 1952, with the benefit of its sustained success, the company listed on the stock exchange and became Sunbeam Corporation Limited. Expansion continued with the New Zealand operation becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sunbeam Corporation Limited in 1960.Today, Sunbeam is owned by the United States company, GUT Holdings Limited, a manufacturer of pumps, filters and security products. GOD's acquired Sunbeam in 1996. After catering for predominately female needs, it was the male p opulation's turn to benefit from Sunbeam's innovations. The electric shaver-?asseverates-?was introduced to the market. Despite heavy international competition, Asseverates became a market leader shortly after its launch. The appliance revolution continued to penetrate he Australian market. Consumers were introduced to the pop-up toaster, the electric affray, and the dry iron.Over the years, models were replaced and the Toastmasters was introduced in 1960. In 1972 Sunbeam sold more than 1 million products. By 1973, Sunbeam had sold 3. 5 million affrays, one for every three Australians. Aiming to be the first in the market with product innovations, Sunbeam introduced a range of new appliances-?including an iron that featured a patented safety cut-out mechanism; the first plastic jug-style title and a fast-boil kettle, the Express kettle; the Oscar food processor; Quantum, a cordless automatic kettle; and the Toast ‘N' Crumpet toaster.Many of the new products became top sellers, and their excellence in design and function was recognized with several Australian design awards. Sunbeam realized that to maintain its competitive edge, its consumers needed more than just an innovative tangible product. The first 12-months replacement guarantee was implemented by Sunbeam across its entire product range, demonstrating Sunbeam's ointment to quality and performance.

Literal Intelligence Collection

Literal Intelligence Collection: National Intelligence and the NSA wireless intercept program Intelligence Collection: Sources and Challenges February 13, 2012 In the aftermath of 9/11 the intelligence community (IC) felt pressure from all directions. Employees of the IC, Congress, and the general public wanted questions answered as to why our nation didn’t know an attack was imminent. This â€Å"failure† of intelligence caused a shake up within the entire IC, leading to many future changes. One such change was in communications intelligence (COMINT) collection.According to Cummings (2006), â€Å"President George W. Bush said that he authorized NSA to intercept the international communications of people with known links to al Qaeda and related terrorist organizations in the weeks following the September 11th terrorist attacks† (p. 6). The President’s decision had many repercussions. I will discuss the parameters of the decision, the management issues assoc iated with it that lead to such controversy, and the impact it had on national intelligence and the NSA.What led to this drastic decision by the U. S. President? The United States was blind-sighted in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack which resulted in the death of 2,977 innocent Americans. This was the largest attack in the history of the U. S. on our soil and although the signs were there for the intelligence community to see, it was mistakenly not put together. Much of the attack stemmed from communications between terrorist or those connected and working with terrorist within our Country, and this was unacceptable.In order to defend against such communications, according to Lichtblau & Risen (2005), â€Å"Under a presidential order signed in 2002, the intelligence agency has monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people inside the United States without warrants over the past three years in an ef fort to track possible ‘dirty numbers’ linked to Al Qaeda, the officials said. The agency, they said, still seeks warrants to monitor entirely domestic communications†.The sole purpose of the NSA program was to safeguard our national security in a more expansive, efficient manner. The center on law and security (2007) states â€Å"†¦this requirement to demonstrate all of the substantive and procedural elements of FISA to the Attorney General's satisfaction before any surveillance can begin, would fatally impair the President's ability to carry out his constitutional responsibility to collect foreign intelligence to protect our Nation from attack† (p. 9).Any implementation involving citizen’s privacy is assured to draw controversy, and the root of the problem with this program was a management issue. The President, DCI, and the Director of the NSA should have informed the head of the Senate Select and Congressional oversight committees with a mor e in depth understanding of the changes and the secrecy. A plan should have been in place to deal with leaks to the public of the changes, and a more detailed description of the amendment to the policy should have been created and kept under lock and key.Intelligence collection involves many activities that citizens (lacking all of the facts), may deem unconstitutional. The problem with this is most of the time the facts are not available to the general population, media, and even certain members of the Congressional oversight committees, for fear of an operation leak. Much of what the IC does must remain secret, at least until the aftermath (which could be years later). In regards to the topic at hand, authorization of warrantless wireless intercept by the NSA, the main problem arose due to management failures in the implementation of such a controversial topic.The center on law and security (2007) states, â€Å"Critics of the NSA program do not necessarily object to the type of s urveillance, but rather to the way in which it has been authorized, and to the absence of any oversight† (p. 10). The Congressional oversight committees serve as a checks and balance to the IC and the President informed the heads of the committees (Gang of Eight) of his plan to authorize wireless intercepts on Americans. Cummings (2006) states, â€Å"†¦the executive branch had limited its briefings of the legislative branch to the Gang of Eight.They further asserted that the executive branch had prohibited them from sharing any information about the program with congressional colleagues† (p. 7). In the aftermath, it seems the Gang of Eight did not understand the necessity of secrecy behind this information. The President should have explained the reasoning behind the secrecy and why the information was limited to the Gang of Eight. If the Gang of Eight understood the parameters and restrictions in place, they could better defend the plan when future problems arose. Preparations hould have been in place for dealing with the public if and when the time came that the media caught wind of the wireless intercept. At some point the President should expect that the public would have to be addressed with some details defending his actions. There should have been regulations in place, describing the limits the NSA still had to endure when it came to U. S. citizens. When reports came out in 2005, there was much confusion as to what exactly the President had authorized, and if there were limits in place for the NSA. A failure to properly address the issue allowed the media to run wild with stories, further outraging critics.Silence and secrecy only added to the problem of distrust of the IC. In preparation, President Bush should have had a detailed description of the amendment to the policy, with restrictions still in place for the NSA. This policy should have been dated at the time it went into effect, signed by the President, the DCI, the Director of NSA and the Gang of Eight and kept in the possession of the Director of the NSA. Having a signed document would serve the future purpose of showing there was knowledge of the parameters of the amended policy.If this policy had to become public (open source) at some point, it would hopefully show that Management had made an organized effort of implementing change and involved as many officials as possible under the current circumstances. The National Security Agency (NSA) has the task of protecting U. S. national security systems through the use of signal intelligence (SIGINT), to include COMINT. Prior to the President giving authorization to warrantless domestic eavesdropping following 9/11, the NSA had to obtain a court approved warrant in order to eavesdrop on a U.S. citizen’s communications, otherwise known as a FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) warrant. According to the center on law and security (2007) â€Å"FISA warrants require ‘probable cause’ to suspect that an individual is acting either for a ‘foreign power’ (including terrorist organizations) or as an ‘agent of a foreign power,’ a target (a cell phone, a computer, a BlackBerry, or a landline phone, for example), and that foreign intelligence be a ‘significant purpose’ of the warrant† (p. ). NSA is no stranger to negative public perception regarding their unconstitutional practices. This wireless intercept program put the agency’s reputation at stake once again. Reports of the NSA having access to most American’s phone records detailing their calls and communications is cause for concern for critics. Due to a lack of proper implementation, notifications and opportunity for oversight, the NSA and the IC has to climb another uphill battle to win back the trust of Americans.Dilanian (2011) states, â€Å"U. S. intelligence officials insist that the new surveillance powers have been crucial to stopping terrorist p lots†. Hopefully, some of the more recent successes in the community can erase the impact of failures and the intelligence community can improve their reputation once again. References Cummings, Alfred (2006). Statutory procedures under which Congress is to be informed of U. S. intelligence activities, including covert actions: NSA domestic surveillance.Congressional Research Service Dilanian, Ken (2011). 9/11, ten years after, more surveillance; A legacy of watchful eyes; The government eavesdrops on U. S. citizens as never before. Los Angeles Times Aug 30, 2011. Tuesday Home Edition. Lichtblau, E. & Risen, J. (2005). Bush lets U. S. spy on callers without courts. The New York Times, Dec 16, 2005. doi: 942423341 The Center on Law and Security at the NYU school of Law (2007). The NSA wiretapping program. For The Record, 1(Jan) 1-16.

Pennsylvania and Kansas essays

Pennsylvania and Kansas essays Kansas and Pennsylvania are two beautiful states. Pennsylvania was the second of the original thirteen colonies being admitted into statehood on December 12, 1787. (Pre-Statehood) Kansas on January 29, 1861 was the thirty-fourth state admitted into statehood, seventy-four years after Pennsylvania. (Pre-Statehood) Kansas has strong agricultural production in wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and corn, while Pennsylvania produces dairy, poultry, nursery stock, mushrooms and hay. (Pre-Statehood) Professional sports teams have a greater impact in Pennsylvania than in Kansas, with Kansas only having three professional sports teams to Pennsylvanias seven. Kansas and Pennsylvania are two states that differ in size, population, agriculture, and professional sports. On the one hand, Kansas population is 2,694,641. (U.S Census Bureau) White persons 86.1%, Black or African-Americans 5.7%, Hispanic or Latino Origin 7.0%, Asian persons 1.7%, American Indian and Alaska Native 0.9%. (U.S Census Bureau) The three largest cities by population in Kansas are Wichita, Overland Park, and Kansas City. (Almanac) Wichitas population is 344,284, Overland Park has 149,080 and Kansas City has 146,866 people. (Almanac) Kansas has a land mass of 82,282 square miles. (Geography) It also contains 81,823 square miles of land and 459 square miles of water. (Geography) On the other hand, Pennsylvanias population in 2000 was 12,281,054 people. (Almanac) The population breakdown is as follows: White persons 85.4%, Black or African-Americans 10.0%, Hispanic or Latino Origin 3.2%, Asian persons 1.8%, American Indian and Alaska Native 0.1%. (U.S Census Bureau) Pennsylvania has 44,520 square miles of land and 1,239 square miles of water. (Geography) The Great Lakes spans an area of 749 square miles. (Geography) The most important crops for Kansas are wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and corn. (Kansas) The variety of climate and rich soil makes Kansas outs...

Care of the child during the perioperative phase The WritePass Journal

Care of the child during the perioperative phase Introduction Care of the child during the perioperative phase IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction This assignment will focus on the care of a two year old child throughout his time in the perioperative environment. It will begin with the preoperative assessment and provide any background information and history about this patient. This paper will then go through the theatre experience and what care this child received and why, such as the type of anaesthesia used, their surgery and the recovery of this patient up until they were discharged back to their ward. This assignment will underpin how a child’s anatomy is different to the adult anatomy and why this affects what care is given to children. This assignment will focus on the role of the operating department practitioner (ODP) and how they assist in providing care for this individual throughout their time in the operating theatre. It will touch on how the parents/guardians can be involved in some stages of this child’s care too. Various pieces of research from current debates, testimonies/policies, journal articl es, books and internet sources will be included. Furthermore, references to these sources of research will provide evidence of the decision making process in providing the necessary care for this particular patient. There are many differences between the anatomy of paediatrics and adults such as differences in size, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and psychology Pescod (2005): Infants have larger heads that need to be stabilised during intubation. Their tongues are larger and their necks shorter, therefore their airways are more prone to obstruction than in adults. Infants and babies mainly breathe through their noses and therefore their nostrils are very small and easily obstructed too. A child’s larynx is located further forward and at a higher level relative to the cervical vertebrae compared to an adult. A child’s epiglottis is longer and U shaped compared the adult’s and also their trachea is quite short. When intubating children it is advised that both lungs be listened to using a stethoscope, this will ensure that the endotracheal tube is not only in one lung (Macfarlane 2006). In pre-pubescent children, the narrowest section of the airway is the cricoid ring and after puberty the narrowest part is then at the same level of the vocal cords. A complication caused by pressure from the endotracheal tube can be the production of a mucosal oedema and post extubation stridor. It is advised that pre-pubescent children should have an un-cuffed endotracheal tube and that the correct sized endotracheal tube is selected (Black 2008). Brown (2000) cited in Clarke (2010) states that infants have a higher metabolic rate and an increased oxygen consumption level compared to adults. De Melo (2001) cited in Clarke (2010) explains that this is why induction and emergence from anaesthesia in children is much quicker. Higher oxygen consumption means that infants will rapidly consume their oxygen reserves and become cyanotic if they are apnoeic. Higher oxygen consumption leads to a higher carbon dioxide production, which requires increased ventilation to remove it (Pescod 2005). Respiratory rates in children are faster due to paediatric lung immaturity and smaller lung volume reserves therefore paediatric breathing equipment is essential. Blood pressure is lower in children than adults because of low peripheral resistance (Krost et al 2006). Children have a relatively small blood volume, for example a 5kg infant will have a blood volume of only 400 ml (Macfarlane 2006). The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2005) states that infants are at a greater risk of cooling when exposed to a cold environment because the ratio of body surface area to body weight is much more than in older patients. Skin and subcutaneous fat is thinner, providing less insulation and greater heat loss. Temperature regulation is immature and infants must be kept warm. The operating theatre should be heated and the infant kept covered and intravenous fluids should be warmed. The differences in physiology of the infant will alter the effect of some drugs. Decreased renal and liver function results in certain drugs being excreted more slowly. The dosing interval should be increased to avoid toxicity (Pescod 2005). The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational agents is greater in the young and decreases with increasing age. There is a smaller margin of safety between adequate anaesthesia and cardiovascular and respiratory depression in infants compared with adults. Both induction and recovery from inhalation agents is more rapid in children than adults (Pescod 2005). Preparation for surgery is paramount and evidence proves that it reduces associated stress and can even promote recovery. As a result of this evidence, many hospitals have a pre-admission preparation programme for patients including children who are due to undergo emergency or elective surgery (Chambers and Jones 2007). Preoperative assessment takes place in an outpatient clinic following with a nurse or a consultant no more than one month before admission to hospital. For emergency cases, the preoperative assessment is carried out shortly before the surgery takes place. In an evaluation on the effectiveness of a pre-assessment clinic for children undergoing day surgery at Oxford Radcliffe children’s hospital, Higson and Finlay (2010) concluded that pre-assessment clinics prove to be very effective. Pre-assessment clinics support surgical planning and aid everybody in preparation for the surgery from medical staff to the child and their family. These clinics also provide paren ts with information about the surgery, gives them a chance to present any fears or questions about the surgery and the well being of their children throughout the whole perioperative experience. It also helps them and their children prepare for admission. The National Health Service (NHS) (no date) state in a patient information leaflet that during a pre-assessment appointment, depending on the patient’s age, medical history and the nature of the operation, various routine investigations are performed. These may include blood tests, electrocardiogram’s (ECG’s), blood pressure and pulse monitoring and weight measurements. During the appointment the patient’s medical history and details of any medication being taken is recorded. The patient/family members will then have the opportunity to ask the nurses any questions about their operation and their stay in hospital. In another patient booklet the NHS (2004) state that the main aim of pre-assessment clinics are to assess the patient and ensure that they are fit for surgery. It also gains the patient’s consent for the operation and to confirm that the admission date is acceptable for them. Pre-operative assessment clinics also provide an opportunity to o rganise anaesthetic assessment if required. The child chosen to be studied for this assignment received scalds across his chest from a hot drink which he had accidentally pulled from a shelf at home. This child only received partial thickness burns and suffered pink and red, blistering burns. He received more than 10% burns and therefore was admitted as an in-patient. There was no evidence of respiratory distress. During the pre-operative assessment the parents were told what to expect so that they could prepare themselves and their child for the procedure. Patient history was gathered from the parents; however the child had no previous medical history. Their consent was also given for the child to receive surgery. The reason for the procedure was explained and the anticipated outcome, potential risks and benefits were also explained. It was also ensured that the child was medically fit for the operation. It is widely accepted that the child’s parents/carers be involved in all decisions affecting the treatment and care of the child and in the physical and psychological support of the child too (Chambers and Jones 2007). The surgical care of infants and children can present difficult ethical dilemmas. The nurse’s/ODP’s role involves acting as the child’s advocate and in supporting decision making together with the child and family. Basic ethical principles beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice should be applied. All actions should be of benefit to the child and family and ultimately do the child no harm. All individuals should be treated equally and with fairness and ethical decisions should be made with the involvement of the child and the family (Chambers and Jones 2007). During the pre-operative assessment appointment there was an opportunity for the child to become accustomed to to the environment, play with and become familiar to theatre equipment such as monitoring, stethoscopes and masks. It was checked that the child was in the best nutritional state possible as good nutrition will aid in healing wounds (Pescod 2005). According to WHO (2005) surgery may cause blood loss and the anaesthetic may affect oxygen transport in the blood. This child’s haemoglobin was checked to see if it was normal for the age of the child, it was ensured that the child’s blood was cross matched and that reserve blood transfusions were available in case of situations where anaemia must be corrected quickly. On the day of surgery during the preparation of paediatric airway equipment, it was ensured that the ODP assisting the anaesthetist had appropriate endotracheal tube sizes available, particularly one size smaller and larger than the tube intended for use. Because paediatric patients can deteriorate rapidly, an emergency intubation trolley was available providing a range of different sized paediatric equipment. This included small cannulae, guedel airways, nasal and oropharyngeal airways, bougies and stylets and Magill forceps. There were other various pieces of equipment available from the trolley too such as different sized endotracheal tubes and fibre optic laryngoscopes. It was ensured that all necessary equipment and monitoring were checked and available. Also drugs including emergency drugs were immediately available such as suxamethonium and atropine. Children have much smaller diameter airways than adults and it makes them susceptible to airway obstruction (Clarke 2010). This child was intubated as it helps to protect an airway during surgical procedures. It is recommended to have tubes one size bigger and smaller available. Prior to anaesthetic children may become very distressed and so having a parent or carer in the room is an advantage as it lessens the child’s level of anxiety. On this occasion, the child’s mother came into the anaesthetic room along with a member of staff from the children’s ward. The anaesthetist had already met the child and his mother and had developed a relationship. Communication is also essential between the anaesthetic assistant (or ODP) and the child and his parents to build up a relationship and rapport (Amin et al 2010). The parents were very concerned about the safety of their child so therefore any questions were answered honestly and truthfully with support and reassurance. Once the child had arrived in the anaesthetic room his details were checked and the consent was clarified with his parents. It was also confirmed that the child had an empty stomach prior to receiving a general anaesthetic and all allergies were noted (Pirotte and Veyckemans 2004). All of the pre-op checks were recorded on a theatre care plan which was devised to enable the correct recording and documentation of the care received by the child whist in theatre. It was compatible with the care plans used on the children’s ward so that continuity of care could be maintained (Pirie S 2011). Care plans are also a useful tool in recovery for use at handover to ensure that everything is communicated to the ward staff (Chambers and Jones 2007). Routine monitoring was attached and this gave an opportunity to play games with the child to ease tension whilst he became familiar with his surroundings. ECG was attached and a pulse oximetre placed on the child’s foot. The blood pressure was attached once the child was asleep. While the child remained seated on his mother’s lap and continued to play games he was anaesthetised by inhaling sevoflurane, a volatile anaesthetic agent together with nitrous oxide and oxygen through a mask which was held nearby to his face. Inhalational induction is an excellent technique for young children and/or children who fear needles (Macfarlane 2006). Once the child had lost consciousness, the parents returned back to the ward with the ward nurse. The ODP or anaesthetic assistant assisted in airway maintenance and ventilation whilst the anaesthetic cannulated the child. Once cannulation was achieved the child was given propofol intravenously and the child was intubated. Because children have an increased metabolic rate compared to adults, it was paramount that there was plenty of intravenous fluid available. Due to an interruption of normal fluid intake, replacement fluids were determined hourly, based on the child’s weight to provide maintenance fluid and to cover ongoing losses. Hartmann’s compound sodium lactate solution was selected instead of saline. It was ensured that too much intravenous fluid was not given through the use of a burette. Fluids were also heated through a warming device to a body temperature. Children lose heat more rapidly than adults because they have a greater relative surface area and are poorly insulated. This is important as hypothermia can affect drug metabolism, anaesthesia, and blood coagulation. Hypothermia was prevented ensuring that the air conditioning was switched off and the room was at the correct temperature of more than 28 ºC particularly for a child with burns. It was also important that there were not many or no exposed parts of the child. A heating blanket was used to cover the lower body of the patient and the child’s temperature was monitored throughout the operation via a nasal temperature probe. Throughout the surgery the child was continually examined and reviewed. His responses to pain medication, boluses of IV fluids, oxygen, and IV transfusions, where appropriate were monitored. A catheter was not inserted on this occasion due to the length of the operation. IV fluids given intravenously were closely monitored because of the risk of f luid overload leading to heart failure or cerebral oedema. Prior to the child entering the theatre it was paramount that the operating theatre was correctly prepared. Children are susceptible to pressure ulcers and prevention is essential. Chambers and Jones (2007) have clearly states that infants should be lying with their limbs in a neutral position so that nerves are not damaged during surgery. All monitoring leads and intravenous lines were not underneath or on top of the patient where they could cause damage, instead they were positioned alongside him and the breathing circuit was secured by a tube holder A team meeting was carried out where the anaesthetic team shared information about the patient such as his allergies and what the operation was about to entail. Prior to the commencement of surgery, the scrub nurse/ODP checked the consent form against the child’s name band with a circulating nurse. It was the scrub nurse’s/ODP’s duty to ensure that the child was not at any risk of harm from the weight of the drapes or surgical instrumentation being applied incorrectly or placed on top of the patient. It was also their duty to make sure all equipment such as instrument sets and dressings were available for this operation. The burnt skin was carefully cleaned; debrided and the blisters were pricked and dead skin removed. A thin layer of biobrane film was also applied and held in place with skin glue. Biobrane is a biosynthetic wound dressing constructed of a silicone film with a nylon fabric partially imbedded into the film (Smith and Nephew no date). It is a temporary skin covering which is used to aid the healing of superficial/partial thickness burn or scald injuries (Latenser and Kowal-Vern 2002). Biobrane acts as a temporary dressing that remains in place for up to two weeks or until the wound underneath has healed.  Biobrane helps to reduce levels of pain and discomfort for the patient, the need for painful dressing changes and may also lead to a reduction in scarring for the patient (NHS 2010) (Mandal 2007). In a randomised controlled trial by Kumar et al (2004) it was concluded that biobrane significantly reduces the time taken for partial thickness burns to heal. After the biobrane had been applied, a dressing was placed over the top to protect the biobrane and to help prevent any infections. Once the surgical operation had been completed, the child was transported to recovery. Children are generally recovered in a child friendly environment preferably away from adult patients. The recovery used for this child in the burns unit only contained one recovery bay and so there were no adult patients close by. Also the recovery staff trained in recovering paediatrics had notification of the child’s arrival and therefore all the specific paediatric equipment was prepared. This included paediatric breathing systems, non-invasive blood pressure cuffs, small face masks and airways. There was clear communication with the ward staff and family about the outcome of the operation, problems encountered during the procedure, and the expected postoperative course. The parents were notified of their child’s progress and encouraged to be with their child in recovery. This helps minimise any emotional trauma as soon as they are fully awake and suitably recovered. All vital sign s were monitored, the respiratory rate, pulse and a one off blood pressure was taken too, ensuring there were no abnormal readings (Fisher 2011). The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) (2005) cited in Baulch I (2010) explain that indicators of infants in pain can be observed in their behaviour and may include crying, and altered facial expressions and body movement. Infants may also display individual reactions such as withdrawal or fighting to alleviate their pain. Physiological changes may also be observed, with increases in blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate, and sweating. This child arrived into recovery having already received a lot of analgesic and so did not show any signs that he was experiencing pain. Once he had fully recovered from the anaesthesia the child was discharged back to the children’s ward with his parents. The ODP acts as an integral part of the team in the operating department working with surgeons, anaesthetists and theatre nurses to help ensure every operation is as safe and effective as possible. ODPs provide high standards of patient care and skilled support alongside medical and nursing colleagues during perioperative care. The care of children with burns requires a multidisciplinary team approach (Williams 2011). The best possible care of a child in the operating theatre requires psychological preparation, planning for each individual’s specific needs, and good communication between the child, family, the ward staff and the theatre nurses, with all the potential risks to the child being safely managed. Effective collaboration between families and the multidisciplinary team is imperative to the long term success of any surgery. The child and parent should always be kept well informed of the care plan and treatment at each stage. Families should be given a clear forecast of the outcome of the surgery, ensuring that expectations are realistic (Chambers and Jones 2007). References Amin A, Oragui E, Khan W and Puri A (2010) Psychosocial considerations of perioperative care in children, with a focus on effective management strategies. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 20 (6), pages 198 – 202 Baulch I (2010) Assessment and management of pain in the paediatric patient. Nursing Standard. 25 (10), pages 35 – 40 Black A (2008) Laryngospasm in paediatric practice. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 18 (4), pages 279 280 Chambers M and Jones S (2007) Surgical Nursing of Children. London: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Clarke S (2010) The differences of anaesthetic care in paediatrics compared to adults. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 20 (9), pages 334-338 Fisher S (2000) Postoperative pain management in paediatrics. British Journal of Perioperative Nursing. 10 (2), pages 80 – 84 Higson J and Finlay T (2010) Pre-assessment for children scheduled for day surgery. Nurse management. 17 (8), pages 32 38 Krost W, Mistovich J and Limmer D (2011) Beyond the basics: paediatric assessment. Available at: emsworld.com/print/EMS-World/Beyond-the-BasicsPediatric-Assessment/1$3346 Accessed on 23/04/11 Kumar R, Kimble R, Boots R and Pegg S (2004) Treatment of partial-thickness burns: A prospective, randomised trial using Transcyte. Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) Journal of Surgery. 74, pages 622 – 626 Latenser B and Kowal-Vern A (2002) Paediatric burn rehabilitation. Paediatric rehabilitation. 5 (1), pages 3 – 10 Macfarlane F (2006) Paediatric anatomy and physiology and the basics of paediatric anaesthesia. Available at: anaesthesiauk.com/documents/paedsphysiol.pdf Accessed on 21/04/11 Mandal A (2007) Paediatric partial-thickness scald burns – is Biobrane the best treatment available? International Wound Journal. 4 (1), pages 15 19 North Bristol NHS Trust (2010) Your child’s biobrane. Bristol: North Bristol NHS Trust Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust (no date) About Surgical Pre-assessment Clinic. Devon: Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Trust (2004) Welcome to the Pre-Assessment Unit: Department of Surgery. Northern Lincolnshire: Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Trust Pescod D (2005) Paediatric anatomy and physiology and pharmacology. Available at: developinganaesthesia.org/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=48 Accessed on 21/04/11 Pirie S (2011) Documentation and record keeping. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 21 (1), pages 22 – 27 Pirotte T and Veyckemans F (2004) Preparation of the paediatric patient. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica. 55, pages 1 – 6 Smith and Nephew (no date) Biobrane: Biosynthetic wound dressing. Available at: http://wound.smith-nephew.com/uk/node.asp?NodeId=3562 Accessed on 18/04/11 Williams C (2011) Assessment and management of paediatric burn injuries. Nursing Standard. 25 (25), pages 60 68 World Health Organisation (2005) Pocket book of Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources (1st edition). WHO Press: Hong Kong

Management Accouting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Two Page Summary on Chapter 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Page Summary on Chapter 3 - Essay Example In the chapter, What can I contribute? Drucker focuses on contributions and results. An executive sometimes gets bogged down and distracted by unnecessary things like office politics, the future of the company, his own personal growth, etc. This will make him unproductive. Instead he should ask himself â€Å"What can I contribute†. Drucker (2006) feels that to ask this question â€Å"is to look for the unused potential in the job†. He is of the view that, â€Å"The focus on contribution turns the executive’s attention away from his own specialty, his own narrow skills, his own department, and toward the performance of the whole.† Further he discusses the four basis requirements necessary for effective human relations which in turn are absolutely necessary for effective contribution. The four requirements are: "What can I contribute that will significantly affect the performance and the results of the institution I serve?" This question, which Drucker thinks, an effective executive must ask, forms the basis of Drucker’s views on an executive’s contribution to his organization. Here, by contribution, Drucker means what one can do better than anyone else to make a difference. An executive’s goal must be to make a difference and be effective. It is not about doing well in what you have specialized or your specialized area of wok. It is about achieving excellence in other areas as well. An expert in one field has to learn and know about other fields, other people’s perceptions, needs and limitations and use this knowledge to be effective in his work. For an organization contribution may mean different things. But for Drucker it means â€Å"performance in three major areas: direct results, building of values and their reaffirmation; and building and developing people for tomorrow.† A person who wants to contribute must ask